![]() ![]() The diet is the source of nutrients and impacts microbial composition in health and disease 17, 21, 22, 23. Chronic enteropathy and IBD are also associated with low levels of certain micronutrients such as vitamin D 19, 20. Common causes in both species include genetic predisposition 12, 13, 14, 15, lower microbial diversity (species richness and evenness) of the GI microbiota 11, 16, 17 as well as a diet containing high amounts of processed foods 12, 18. Current knowledge suggests the importance of interactions between the gut microenvironment (microbiota and diet composition) and the host immune system 10, 11. The multifactorial etiopathogenesis of both canine CE and human IBD remains elusive. The symptoms have severe and stressful impacts on the dog’s life 8 and increase the caregiver burden of the owner 9. Canine CE gastrointestinal symptoms include persistent and/or recurrent vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal sounds and gas, decreased appetite, abdominal pain, nausea and/or weight loss which last longer than three weeks 5, 6, 7. Canine chronic enteropathies (CE) 5 and human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) share many similarities 6, 7. Companion dogs and humans in middle- and high-income countries suffer from the same non-communicable diseases including chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders 2, 3, 4. The health of humans, animals and the environment is inextricably linked as recognized by the One Health Initiative 1. In contrast, feeding an ultra-processed carbohydrate-based diet, namely dry dog food or “kibble” during puppyhood and adolescence, and rawhides during puppyhood were significant risk factors for CE later in life. Especially raw bones and cartilage as well as leftovers and table scraps during puppyhood and adolescence, and berries during puppyhood were associated with less CE. ![]() We found that feeding a non-processed meat-based diet and giving the dog human meal leftovers and table scraps during puppyhood (2–6 months) and adolescence (6–18 months) were protective against CE later in life. Food frequency questionnaire data from Finnish companion dogs was analyzed using principal component analysis and logistic regression. Therefore, the aim of the present cross-sectional, epidemiological study with longitudinal data, was to explore associations of companion dogs’ early life diet style and food items with owner-reported chronic enteropathy (CE) incidence in later life. Yet, there is little information on the role of early diet in the onset of inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders later in life, especially in dogs. Diet has a key role in the homeostasis of the gut microenvironment, influencing the microbiome, the gut barrier, host immunity and gut physiology. ![]()
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